#MeTooMedicine

President-Elect (Roberta Gebhard D.O.) and Executive Director (Eliza Chin M.D.) with founder of the #MeToo Movement, Tarana Burke at the WOMEN RULE Summit in Washington D.C. December 5, 2017.

#MeTooMedicine

The #MeToo campaign was created as a movement against sexual assault and sexual harassment. Tarana Burke is a social activist and the founder of the #MeToo movement. She began using this phrase as early as 2006. In October of 2017, the campaign went viral as actress Alyssa Milano urged those affected by sexual harassment to Tweet about it. From there it spread to a phenomenon as millions simply posted #metoo on social media websites as a demonstration of the volume of women affected by sexual harassment.

Women worldwide are affected by sexual harassment in their everyday lives. The medical field is not an exception to this issue. #MeTooMedicine came about shortly after the #MeToo campaign went viral and is a testament to the difficulties that women face in the medical field. For so many years this phenomenon was not talked about. The #MeTooMedicine campaign sheds light on this issue and brings attention to the population of women that have so long stayed quiet.

The NASEM Report site offers resources to learn about the prevalence of sexual harassment in medicine and resources that can be used to help women that find themselves in this situation.

AMWA GETF – Literature Database

The literature is categorized by the below topics and may appear in multiple categories.

For more information about these articles or to suggest articles to add, please contact us at GETF@amwa-doc.org.

Related Articles

Academic Medicine

Westring, A., et al., An Integrated Framework for Gender Equity in Academic Medicine. Acad Med, 2016. 91(8): p. 1041-4.
Online Open Access

Wiler, J.L., et al., Continuation of Gender Disparities in Pay Among Academic Emergency Medicine Physicians. Acad Emerg Med, 2019. 26(3): p. 286-292.
Online Open Access

Woitowich, N.C., et al., COVID-19 Threatens Progress Toward Gender Equity Within Academic Medicine. Acad Med, 2020.
Online Open Access

Partiali, B., et al., Gender disparity in speakers at a major academic emergency medicine conference. Emerg Med J, 2020.
Online Open Access

John, J.J., et al., Gender Disparity in Academic Gastroenterology: Beginning of the End of the Underrepresentation of Women? Dig Dis Sci, 2020.
Online Open Access

Han, H., et al., Looking into the labyrinth of gender inequality: women physicians in academic medicine. Med Educ, 2018. 52(10): p. 1083-1095.
Online Open Access

Bickel, J., Is Gender Equity Possible in Academic Medicine or Are There More Useful Goals on Which to Focus? J Womens Health (Larchmt), 2020. 29(8): p. 1025-1027.
Online Open Access

Burden, M., et al., Gender disparities in leadership and scholarly productivity of academic hospitalists. J Hosp Med, 2015. 10(8): p. 481-5.
PDF
Online Open Access

Caffrey, L., et al., Gender equity programmes in academic medicine: a realist evaluation approach to Athena SWAN processes. BMJ Open, 2016. 6(9): p. e012090.
PDF
Online Open Access

Isaac, C., B. Lee, and M. Carnes, Interventions that affect gender bias in hiring: a systematic review. Acad Med, 2009. 84(10): p. 1440-6.
Free, Full PDF
Online Open Access

Lee, D., et al., Gender Disparity in Academic Rank and Productivity Among Public Health Physician Faculty in North America. Cureus, 2020. 12(6): p. e8553.
PDF
Online Open Access

Mark, S., et al., Innovative mentoring programs to promote gender equity in academic medicine. Acad Med, 2001. 76(1): p. 39-42.
Online Open Access

Roper, R.L., Does Gender Bias Still Affect Women in Science? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2019. 83(3).
PDF
Online Open Access

Westring, A., et al., An Integrated Framework for Gender Equity in Academic Medicine. Acad Med, 2016. 91(8): p. 1041-4.
Full Open Access Online

Woitowich, N.C., et al., COVID-19 Threatens Progress Toward Gender Equity Within Academic Medicine. Acad Med, 2020.
PDF
Online Open Access

Faculty Perceptions of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine (Phyllis L. Carr, MD; Arlene S. Ash, PhD; Robert H. Friedman, MD; Laura Szalacha, EDM; Rosalind C. Barnett, PhD; Anita Palepu, MD, MPH; Mark M. Moskowitz, MD)
Online Open Access

Education and Training

Brown, M.E.L., et al., ‘Too male, too pale, too stale’: a qualitative exploration of student experiences of gender bias within medical education. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(8): p. e039092.
Online Open Access
PDF

Gerull, K.M., et al., Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents. Am J Surg, 2019. 217(2): p. 306-313.
Online Open Access

Filippou, P., et al., The Presence of Gender Bias in Letters of Recommendations Written for Urology Residency Applicants. Urology, 2019. 134: p. 56-61.
Online Open Access

Chen, S., G.L. Beck Dallaghan, and A. Shaheen, Implicit Gender Bias in Third-Year Surgery Clerkship MSPE Narratives. J Surg Educ, 2020.
Online Open Access

Brown, M.E.L., et al., ‘Too male, too pale, too stale’: a qualitative exploration of student experiences of gender bias within medical education. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(8): p. e039092.
Online Open Access

Barnes, K.L., et al., Gender Bias Experiences of Female Surgical Trainees. J Surg Educ, 2019. 76(6): p. e1-e14.
Online Open Access

Siegelman, J.N., et al., Gender Bias in Simulation-Based Assessments of Emergency Medicine Residents. J Grad Med Educ, 2018. 10(4): p. 411-415.
PDF
Online Open Access

Woodward, Z., et al., Gender disparities in gastroenterology fellowship director positions in the United States. Gastrointest Endosc, 2017. 86(4): p. 595-599.
Online Open Access

Gender Discrimination

Zener, R., et al., Women in Radiology: Exploring the Gender Disparity. J Am Coll Radiol, 2016. 13(3): p. 344-50.e1.
Online Open Access

Zhang, D., et al., Promoting Gender Equity in the #MeToo Era. J Hand Surg Am, 2020.
Online Open Access

Woodward, Z., et al., Gender disparities in gastroenterology fellowship director positions in the United States. Gastrointest Endosc, 2017. 86(4): p. 595-599.
Online Open Access

Thorborg, K., et al., ‘More Walk and Less Talk’: Changing gender bias in sports medicine. Br J Sports Med, 2020.
Online Open Access

Mariotto, S., et al., Gender disparity in editorial boards of journals in neurology. Neurology, 2020. 95(11): p. 489-491.
Online Open Access

O’Neill, S.B., et al., Gender Disparity in Chest Radiology in North America. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol, 2019.
Online Open Access

Parsons Leigh, J., et al., Improving gender equity in critical care medicine: a protocol to establish priorities and strategies for implementation. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(6): p. e037090.
Online Open Access

Shah, A., S. Jalal, and F. Khosa, Influences for gender disparity in dermatology in North America. Int J Dermatol, 2018. 57(2): p. 171-176.
Online Open Access

Shin, H.Y. and H.A. Lee, The current status of gender equity in medicine in Korea: an online survey about perceived gender discrimination. Hum Resour Health, 2020. 18(1): p. 78.
Online Open Access

Sidhu, A., S. Jalal, and F. Khosa, Prevalence of Gender Disparity in Professional Societies of Family Medicine: A Global Perspective. Cureus, 2020. 12(5): p. e7917.
Online Open Access

Silver, J.K., Understanding and addressing gender equity for women in neurology. Neurology, 2019. 93(12): p. 538-549.
Online Open Access

Kesavarapu, K., et al., What’s holding women back? A review of gender inequality in gastroenterology in the USA. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019. 4(12): p. 898-900.
Abstract not available.
Online Open Access

Lee, M.J. and C. Kim, Breaking the Gender Gap: A Two-part Observational Study of the Gender Disparity Among Korean Academic Emergency Physicians. J Prev Med Public Health, 2020. 53(5): p. 362-370.
Online Open Access

Hui, K., et al., Recognizing and addressing implicit gender bias in medicine. Cmaj, 2020. 192(42): p. E1269-e1270.
Article focused on Canada
Online Open Access

Duc, N.M., et al., Gender Disparity in Vietnamese Radiological Societies: a Preliminary Observational Study. Acta Inform Med, 2020. 28(1): p. 71-74.
Online Open Access

Abbuhl, S., et al., Examining faculty awards for gender equity and evolving values. J Gen Intern Med, 2010. 25(1): p. 57-60.
Online Open Access
PDF

Acosta, D.A., et al., Achieving Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility: Leadership Matters. Acad Med, 2020. 95(10): p. 1468-1471.
Online Open Access

Baqi, S., et al., Perceptions of gender equality, work environment, support and social issues for women doctors at a university hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PLoS One, 2017. 12(10): p. e0186896.
Online Open Access
PDF

Bates, C., et al., Striving for Gender Equity in Academic Medicine Careers: A Call to Action. Acad Med, 2016. 91(8): p. 1050-2.
Online Open Access
PDF

Holliday, E.B., et al., Achieving gender equity in the radiation oncology physician workforce. Adv Radiat Oncol, 2018. 3(4): p. 478-483.
Online Open Access

Hilton, E.J., et al., Two Sides of the Same Coin: Addressing Racial and Gender Disparities Among Physicians and the Impact on the Community They Serve. Anesthesiol Clin, 2020. 38(2): p. 369-377.
Online Open Access

Hilton, E.J., et al., The Flaw of Medicine: Addressing Racial and Gender Disparities in Critical Care. Anesthesiol Clin, 2020. 38(2): p. 357-368.
Online Open Access

Henderson, L.R., et al., Markers of achievement for assessing and monitoring gender equity in a UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre: A two-factor model. PLoS One, 2020. 15(10): p. e0239589.
Online Open Access

Heisler, C.A., et al., Has a critical mass of women resulted in gender equity in gynecologic surgery? Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2020. 223(5): p. 665-673.
Online Open Access

Graves, J.S. and A. Brashear, Gender bias in American Academy of Neurology recognition awards? Neurology, 2018. 91(7): p. 291-292.
Online Open Access

Chadwick, A.J. and R. Baruah, Gender disparity and implicit gender bias amongst doctors in intensive care medicine: A ‘disease’ we need to recognise and treat. J Intensive Care Soc, 2020. 21(1): p. 12-17.
PDF
Online Open Access

Choo, E.K. and D.R. Bangsberg, Equity in Starting Salaries: A Tangible Effort to Achieve Gender Equity in Medicine. Acad Med, 2019. 94(1): p. 10.
Online Open Access

Davuluri, M., et al., Gender Bias in Medicine: Does It Exist at AUA Plenary Sessions? Urology, 2020.
PDF
Online Open Access

Mamtani, M., et al., Quantifying gender disparity in physician authorship among commentary articles in three high-impact medical journals: an observational study. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(2): p. e034056.
PDF
Online Open Access

Narayana, S., et al., Minding the Gap: Organizational Strategies to Promote Gender Equity in Academic Medicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Gen Intern Med, 2020: p. 1-4.
PDF
Online Open Access

Rabinowitz, L.G., Recognizing Blind Spots – A Remedy for Gender Bias in Medicine? N Engl J Med, 2018. 378(24): p. 2253-2255.
PDF
Online Open Access

Shannon, G., et al., Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: where are we at and why does it matter? Lancet, 2019. 393(10171): p. 560-569.
PDF
Online Open Access

Tricco, A.C., et al., Strategies to Prevent or Reduce Gender Bias in Peer Review of Research Grants: A Rapid Scoping Review. PLoS One, 2017. 12(1): p. e0169718.
PDF
Online Open Access

Faculty Perceptions of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine (Phyllis L. Carr, MD; Arlene S. Ash, PhD; Robert H. Friedman, MD; Laura Szalacha, EDM; Rosalind C. Barnett, PhD; Anita Palepu, MD, MPH; Mark M. Moskowitz, MD)
Online Open Access

Lost Taussigs — The Consequences of Gender Discrimination in Medicine (Lisa S. Rotenstein, M.D., M.B.A., and Anupam B. Jena, M.D., Ph.D.)
Online Open Access

Healthcare and Workplace Environment

Agrawal, P., et al., Gender Disparities in Academic Emergency Medicine: Strategies for the Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion of Women. AEM Educ Train, 2020. 4(Suppl 1): p. S67-s74.
Online Open Access
PDF

Ahmadi, M., et al., Influences for Gender Disparity in Academic Neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2018. 39(1): p. 18-23.
Online Open Access
PDF

Burgess, S., et al., Gender equity within medical specialties of Australia and New Zealand: cardiology’s outlier status. Intern Med J, 2020. 50(4): p. 412-419.
Online Open Access

Deipolyi, A.R., et al., Gender Disparity in Industry Relationships With Academic Interventional Radiology Physicians. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2020. 215(2): p. 494-501.
Online Open Access

Wiler, J.L., et al., Continuation of Gender Disparities in Pay Among Academic Emergency Medicine Physicians. Acad Emerg Med, 2019. 26(3): p. 286-292.
PDF
Online Open Access

Leadership

Qamar, S.R., et al., Gender Disparity Among Leaders of Canadian Academic Radiology Departments. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2020. 214(1): p. 3-9.
Online Open Access

Selter, J.H., E.E. Spurlin, and P.C. Brady, Gender inequality in leadership and academic rank in academic reproductive endocrinology programs. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2020. 37(8): p. 1959-1962.
Online Open Access

Magliano, D.J., et al., Addressing Gender Equity in Senior Leadership Roles in Translational Science. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci, 2020. 3(4): p. 773-779.
Online Open Access

Abdellatif, W., et al., Leadership Gender Disparity Within Research-Intensive Medical Schools: A Transcontinental Thematic Analysis. J Contin Educ Health Prof, 2019. 39(4): p. 243-250.
Online Open Access

Butkus, R., et al., Achieving Gender Equity in Physician Compensation and Career Advancement: A Position Paper of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med, 2018. 168(10): p. 721-723.
Online Open Access

Acosta, D.A., et al., Achieving Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility: Leadership Matters. Acad Med, 2020. 95(10): p. 1468-1471.
Online Open Access

Agrawal, P., et al., Gender Disparities in Academic Emergency Medicine: Strategies for the Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion of Women. AEM Educ Train, 2020. 4(Suppl 1): p. S67-s74.
Online Open Access

Bernardi, K., et al., Perceptions on gender disparity in surgery and surgical leadership: A multicenter mixed methods study. Surgery, 2020. 167(4): p. 743-750.
Online Open Access

Carr, P.L., et al., Recruitment, Promotion, and Retention of Women in Academic Medicine: How Institutions Are Addressing Gender Disparities. Womens Health Issues, 2017. 27(3): p. 374-381.
Online Open Access

Gharzai, L.A. and R. Jagsi, Ongoing Gender Inequity in Leadership Positions of Academic Oncology Programs: The Broken Pipeline. JAMA Netw Open, 2020. 3(3): p. e200691.
Online Open Access

Chen, S.T., et al., Influences for Gender Disparity in Academic Family Medicine in North American Medical Schools. Cureus, 2020. 12(5): p. e8368.
PDF
Online Open Access

Silver, J.K., et al., Analysis of Gender Equity in Leadership of Physician-Focused Medical Specialty Societies, 2008-2017. JAMA Intern Med, 2019. 179(3): p. 433-435. This cross-sectional study examines gender equity in the presidential leadership of medical specialty societies over a 10-year period.
Online Open Access

Carnes, M., et al., The effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: a cluster randomized, controlled trial. Acad Med, 2015. 90(2): p. 221-30.
PDF
Online Open Access

Carr, P.L., et al., Recruitment, Promotion, and Retention of Women in Academic Medicine: How Institutions Are Addressing Gender Disparities. Womens Health Issues, 2017. 27(3): p. 374-381.
PDF
Online Open Access

Miscellaneous

Lawlor C, Kawai K, Tracy L, Sobin L, Kenna M. Women in Otolaryngology: Experiences of Being Female in the Specialty. Laryngoscope. 2021 Feb;131(2):E380-E387. doi: 10.1002/lary.28917. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PMID: 32702136.
Online Open Access

Tricco, A.C., et al., Strategies to Prevent or Reduce Gender Bias in Peer Review of Research Grants: A Rapid Scoping Review. PLoS One, 2017. 12(1): p. e0169718.
Online Open Access

Adami, G., et al., Gender disparity in authorship of guidelines and recommendations in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis, 2020. 79(8): p. 1122-1123.
***Topic: Lack of women first authors in medical research
Online Open Access

Bernardi, K., et al., Gender Disparity in Authorship of Peer-Reviewed Medical Publications. Am J Med Sci, 2020. 360(5): p. 511-516.
***Topic: gender disparity in peer-reviewed literature authorship
Online Open Access

Zhang, D., et al., Promoting Gender Equity in the #MeToo Era. J Hand Surg Am, 2020.
Online Open Access

All the below are regarding sexual assault:

Sexual Harassment in Medicine- #MeToo (Reshma Jagsi, M.D., D.Phil., 2018)
Online Open Access

Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Experiences of Academic Medical Faculty (Jagsi R, Griffith K, Jones R, Perumalswami C, Ubel P, Stewart A., 2016)
Online Open Access

Sexual Harassment in Medical Training (Miriam Komaromy, Andrew B. Bindman, Richard J. Haber, and Merle A. Sande, 1993)
Online Open Access

Association of Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault With Midlife Women’s Mental and Physical Health (Rebecca C. Thurston, PhD; Yuefang Chang, PhD; Karen A. Matthews, PhD; et al)
Online Open Access

Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: where are we at and why does it matter? (Lancet, medical journal)
Online Open Access

Identifying medicine’s gender equity gaps is just the start, (American Medical Association)
Online Open Access

#MeToo in Health Care: A Multidimensional Problem With Widespread Effects and Incomplete Answers (Mayo)
Online Open Access

Surgical Practice

Yue, T. and F. Khosa, Academic Gender Disparity in Orthopedic Surgery in Canadian Universities. Cureus, 2020. 12(3): p. e7205.
Online Open Access

Smith, B.T., et al., Change Is Happening: An Evaluation of Gender Disparities in Academic Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2019. 144(4): p. 1001-1009.
Online Open Access

Dossani, R.H., et al., Gender disparities in academic rank achievement in neurosurgery: a critical assessment. J Neurosurg, 2019: p. 1-6.
Online Open Access

Barnes, K.L., et al., Gender Bias Experiences of Female Surgical Trainees. J Surg Educ, 2019. 76(6): p. e1-e14.
Online Open Access
PDF

Bellini, M.I., et al., Changing the norm towards gender equity in surgery: the women in surgery working group of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland’s perspective. J R Soc Med, 2019. 112(8): p. 325-329.
Online Open Access
PDF

Bernardi, K., et al., Perceptions on gender disparity in surgery and surgical leadership: A multicenter mixed methods study. Surgery, 2020. 167(4): p. 743-750.
Online Open Access
PDF

Brown, M.A., et al., Despite Growing Number of Women Surgeons, Authorship Gender Disparity in Orthopaedic Literature Persists Over 30 Years. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2020. 478(7): p. 1542-1552.
Online Open Access

Chen, S., G.L. Beck Dallaghan, and A. Shaheen, Implicit Gender Bias in Third-Year Surgery Clerkship MSPE Narratives. J Surg Educ, 2020.
PDF
Online Open Access

Chen, K., et al., Is There Gender Inequality in Plastic Surgery? Evaluation of Society Leadership and Composition of Editorial Boards. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2020. 145(2): p. 433e-437e.
Online Open Access

Davids, J.S., et al., Female Representation and Implicit Gender Bias at the 2017 American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons’ Annual Scientific and Tripartite Meeting. Dis Colon Rectum, 2019. 62(3): p. 357-362.
PDF
Online Open Access

Lyons, N.B., et al., Gender Disparity in Surgery: An Evaluation of Surgical Societies. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2019. 20(5): p. 406-410.
Online Open Access

Marrone, A.F., et al., Does academic authorship reflect gender bias in pediatric surgery? An analysis of the Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 2007-2017. J Pediatr Surg, 2020. 55(10): p. 2071-2074.
PDF
Online Open Access

Moak, T.N., et al., The Leaky Pipeline of Women in Plastic Surgery: Embracing Diversity to Close the Gender Disparity Gap. Aesthet Surg J, 2020. 40(11): p. 1241-1248.
Online Open Access

Phillips, N.A., S.C. Tannan, and L.K. Kalliainen, Understanding and Overcoming Implicit Gender Bias in Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016. 138(5): p. 1111-1116.
Online Open Access

Ray, G.S., et al., Gender Disparities in Financial Relationships Between Industry and Orthopaedic Surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2020. 102(4): p. e12.
Online Open Access

Smith, B.T., et al., Change Is Happening: An Evaluation of Gender Disparities in Academic Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2019. 144(4): p. 1001-1009.
Online Open Access

Work Life Integration

Tomer, G., et al., Perceptions of gender equality in work-life balance, salary, promotion, and harassment: results of the NASPGHAN task force survey. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2015. 60(4): p. 481-5.
Online Open Access

Eyigör, H., et al., Women in otolaryngology in Turkey: Insight of gender equality, career development and work-life balance. Am J Otolaryngol, 2020. 41(1): p. 102305.
Online Open Access

Addtional Resources

Videos/Podcasts

Doc-to-Doc: #MeToo in Medicine (video)

Me Too is a Movement, Not a Moment-Tarana Burke 

Moving Medicine By American Medical Association (Podcast)

  • Episode 10: #MeToo in the medical field, part 1: Dr. Reshma Jagsi on harassment
  • Episode 11:  #MeToo in the medical field, part 2: Dr. Tiffani Bell & David Gabor on consequences

#MeToo In Medicine by White Coat Black Art

If you are experiencing sexual harassment in the workplace, you are not alone. RAINN is the largest anti-sexual violence organization in the nation and can link you with the help that you need.