#MeTooMedicine
The #MeToo campaign was created as a movement against sexual assault and sexual harassment. Tarana Burke is a social activist and the founder of the #MeToo movement. She began using this phrase as early as 2006. In October of 2017, the campaign went viral as actress Alyssa Milano urged those affected by sexual harassment to Tweet about it. From there it spread to a phenomenon as millions simply posted #metoo on social media websites as a demonstration of the volume of women affected by sexual harassment.
Women worldwide are affected by sexual harassment in their everyday lives. The medical field is not an exception to this issue. #MeTooMedicine came about shortly after the #MeToo campaign went viral and is a testament to the difficulties that women face in the medical field. For so many years this phenomenon was not talked about. The #MeTooMedicine campaign sheds light on this issue and brings attention to the population of women that have so long stayed quiet.
The NASEM Report site offers resources to learn about the prevalence of sexual harassment in medicine and resources that can be used to help women that find themselves in this situation.
AMWA GETF – Literature Database
The literature is categorized by the below topics and may appear in multiple categories.
For more information about these articles or to suggest articles to add, please contact us at GETF@amwa-doc.org.
Related Articles
Academic Medicine
Westring, A., et al., An Integrated Framework for Gender Equity in Academic Medicine. Acad Med, 2016. 91(8): p. 1041-4.
Online Open Access
Wiler, J.L., et al., Continuation of Gender Disparities in Pay Among Academic Emergency Medicine Physicians. Acad Emerg Med, 2019. 26(3): p. 286-292.
Online Open Access
Woitowich, N.C., et al., COVID-19 Threatens Progress Toward Gender Equity Within Academic Medicine. Acad Med, 2020.
Online Open Access
Partiali, B., et al., Gender disparity in speakers at a major academic emergency medicine conference. Emerg Med J, 2020.
Online Open Access
John, J.J., et al., Gender Disparity in Academic Gastroenterology: Beginning of the End of the Underrepresentation of Women? Dig Dis Sci, 2020.
Online Open Access
Han, H., et al., Looking into the labyrinth of gender inequality: women physicians in academic medicine. Med Educ, 2018. 52(10): p. 1083-1095.
Online Open Access
Bickel, J., Is Gender Equity Possible in Academic Medicine or Are There More Useful Goals on Which to Focus? J Womens Health (Larchmt), 2020. 29(8): p. 1025-1027.
Online Open Access
Burden, M., et al., Gender disparities in leadership and scholarly productivity of academic hospitalists. J Hosp Med, 2015. 10(8): p. 481-5.
PDF
Online Open Access
Caffrey, L., et al., Gender equity programmes in academic medicine: a realist evaluation approach to Athena SWAN processes. BMJ Open, 2016. 6(9): p. e012090.
PDF
Online Open Access
Isaac, C., B. Lee, and M. Carnes, Interventions that affect gender bias in hiring: a systematic review. Acad Med, 2009. 84(10): p. 1440-6.
Free, Full PDF
Online Open Access
Lee, D., et al., Gender Disparity in Academic Rank and Productivity Among Public Health Physician Faculty in North America. Cureus, 2020. 12(6): p. e8553.
PDF
Online Open Access
Mark, S., et al., Innovative mentoring programs to promote gender equity in academic medicine. Acad Med, 2001. 76(1): p. 39-42.
Online Open Access
Roper, R.L., Does Gender Bias Still Affect Women in Science? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2019. 83(3).
PDF
Online Open Access
Westring, A., et al., An Integrated Framework for Gender Equity in Academic Medicine. Acad Med, 2016. 91(8): p. 1041-4.
Full Open Access Online
Woitowich, N.C., et al., COVID-19 Threatens Progress Toward Gender Equity Within Academic Medicine. Acad Med, 2020.
PDF
Online Open Access
Faculty Perceptions of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine (Phyllis L. Carr, MD; Arlene S. Ash, PhD; Robert H. Friedman, MD; Laura Szalacha, EDM; Rosalind C. Barnett, PhD; Anita Palepu, MD, MPH; Mark M. Moskowitz, MD)
Online Open Access
Education and Training
Brown, M.E.L., et al., ‘Too male, too pale, too stale’: a qualitative exploration of student experiences of gender bias within medical education. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(8): p. e039092.
Online Open Access
PDF
Gerull, K.M., et al., Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents. Am J Surg, 2019. 217(2): p. 306-313.
Online Open Access
Filippou, P., et al., The Presence of Gender Bias in Letters of Recommendations Written for Urology Residency Applicants. Urology, 2019. 134: p. 56-61.
Online Open Access
Chen, S., G.L. Beck Dallaghan, and A. Shaheen, Implicit Gender Bias in Third-Year Surgery Clerkship MSPE Narratives. J Surg Educ, 2020.
Online Open Access
Brown, M.E.L., et al., ‘Too male, too pale, too stale’: a qualitative exploration of student experiences of gender bias within medical education. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(8): p. e039092.
Online Open Access
Barnes, K.L., et al., Gender Bias Experiences of Female Surgical Trainees. J Surg Educ, 2019. 76(6): p. e1-e14.
Online Open Access
Siegelman, J.N., et al., Gender Bias in Simulation-Based Assessments of Emergency Medicine Residents. J Grad Med Educ, 2018. 10(4): p. 411-415.
PDF
Online Open Access
Woodward, Z., et al., Gender disparities in gastroenterology fellowship director positions in the United States. Gastrointest Endosc, 2017. 86(4): p. 595-599.
Online Open Access
Gender Discrimination
Zener, R., et al., Women in Radiology: Exploring the Gender Disparity. J Am Coll Radiol, 2016. 13(3): p. 344-50.e1.
Online Open Access
Zhang, D., et al., Promoting Gender Equity in the #MeToo Era. J Hand Surg Am, 2020.
Online Open Access
Woodward, Z., et al., Gender disparities in gastroenterology fellowship director positions in the United States. Gastrointest Endosc, 2017. 86(4): p. 595-599.
Online Open Access
Thorborg, K., et al., ‘More Walk and Less Talk’: Changing gender bias in sports medicine. Br J Sports Med, 2020.
Online Open Access
Mariotto, S., et al., Gender disparity in editorial boards of journals in neurology. Neurology, 2020. 95(11): p. 489-491.
Online Open Access
O’Neill, S.B., et al., Gender Disparity in Chest Radiology in North America. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol, 2019.
Online Open Access
Parsons Leigh, J., et al., Improving gender equity in critical care medicine: a protocol to establish priorities and strategies for implementation. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(6): p. e037090.
Online Open Access
Shah, A., S. Jalal, and F. Khosa, Influences for gender disparity in dermatology in North America. Int J Dermatol, 2018. 57(2): p. 171-176.
Online Open Access
Shin, H.Y. and H.A. Lee, The current status of gender equity in medicine in Korea: an online survey about perceived gender discrimination. Hum Resour Health, 2020. 18(1): p. 78.
Online Open Access
Sidhu, A., S. Jalal, and F. Khosa, Prevalence of Gender Disparity in Professional Societies of Family Medicine: A Global Perspective. Cureus, 2020. 12(5): p. e7917.
Online Open Access
Silver, J.K., Understanding and addressing gender equity for women in neurology. Neurology, 2019. 93(12): p. 538-549.
Online Open Access
Kesavarapu, K., et al., What’s holding women back? A review of gender inequality in gastroenterology in the USA. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019. 4(12): p. 898-900.
Abstract not available.
Online Open Access
Lee, M.J. and C. Kim, Breaking the Gender Gap: A Two-part Observational Study of the Gender Disparity Among Korean Academic Emergency Physicians. J Prev Med Public Health, 2020. 53(5): p. 362-370.
Online Open Access
Hui, K., et al., Recognizing and addressing implicit gender bias in medicine. Cmaj, 2020. 192(42): p. E1269-e1270.
Article focused on Canada
Online Open Access
Duc, N.M., et al., Gender Disparity in Vietnamese Radiological Societies: a Preliminary Observational Study. Acta Inform Med, 2020. 28(1): p. 71-74.
Online Open Access
Abbuhl, S., et al., Examining faculty awards for gender equity and evolving values. J Gen Intern Med, 2010. 25(1): p. 57-60.
Online Open Access
PDF
Acosta, D.A., et al., Achieving Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility: Leadership Matters. Acad Med, 2020. 95(10): p. 1468-1471.
Online Open Access
Baqi, S., et al., Perceptions of gender equality, work environment, support and social issues for women doctors at a university hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PLoS One, 2017. 12(10): p. e0186896.
Online Open Access
PDF
Bates, C., et al., Striving for Gender Equity in Academic Medicine Careers: A Call to Action. Acad Med, 2016. 91(8): p. 1050-2.
Online Open Access
PDF
Holliday, E.B., et al., Achieving gender equity in the radiation oncology physician workforce. Adv Radiat Oncol, 2018. 3(4): p. 478-483.
Online Open Access
Hilton, E.J., et al., Two Sides of the Same Coin: Addressing Racial and Gender Disparities Among Physicians and the Impact on the Community They Serve. Anesthesiol Clin, 2020. 38(2): p. 369-377.
Online Open Access
Hilton, E.J., et al., The Flaw of Medicine: Addressing Racial and Gender Disparities in Critical Care. Anesthesiol Clin, 2020. 38(2): p. 357-368.
Online Open Access
Henderson, L.R., et al., Markers of achievement for assessing and monitoring gender equity in a UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre: A two-factor model. PLoS One, 2020. 15(10): p. e0239589.
Online Open Access
Heisler, C.A., et al., Has a critical mass of women resulted in gender equity in gynecologic surgery? Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2020. 223(5): p. 665-673.
Online Open Access
Graves, J.S. and A. Brashear, Gender bias in American Academy of Neurology recognition awards? Neurology, 2018. 91(7): p. 291-292.
Online Open Access
Chadwick, A.J. and R. Baruah, Gender disparity and implicit gender bias amongst doctors in intensive care medicine: A ‘disease’ we need to recognise and treat. J Intensive Care Soc, 2020. 21(1): p. 12-17.
PDF
Online Open Access
Choo, E.K. and D.R. Bangsberg, Equity in Starting Salaries: A Tangible Effort to Achieve Gender Equity in Medicine. Acad Med, 2019. 94(1): p. 10.
Online Open Access
Davuluri, M., et al., Gender Bias in Medicine: Does It Exist at AUA Plenary Sessions? Urology, 2020.
PDF
Online Open Access
Mamtani, M., et al., Quantifying gender disparity in physician authorship among commentary articles in three high-impact medical journals: an observational study. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(2): p. e034056.
PDF
Online Open Access
Narayana, S., et al., Minding the Gap: Organizational Strategies to Promote Gender Equity in Academic Medicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Gen Intern Med, 2020: p. 1-4.
PDF
Online Open Access
Rabinowitz, L.G., Recognizing Blind Spots – A Remedy for Gender Bias in Medicine? N Engl J Med, 2018. 378(24): p. 2253-2255.
PDF
Online Open Access
Shannon, G., et al., Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: where are we at and why does it matter? Lancet, 2019. 393(10171): p. 560-569.
PDF
Online Open Access
Tricco, A.C., et al., Strategies to Prevent or Reduce Gender Bias in Peer Review of Research Grants: A Rapid Scoping Review. PLoS One, 2017. 12(1): p. e0169718.
PDF
Online Open Access
Faculty Perceptions of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine (Phyllis L. Carr, MD; Arlene S. Ash, PhD; Robert H. Friedman, MD; Laura Szalacha, EDM; Rosalind C. Barnett, PhD; Anita Palepu, MD, MPH; Mark M. Moskowitz, MD)
Online Open Access
Lost Taussigs — The Consequences of Gender Discrimination in Medicine (Lisa S. Rotenstein, M.D., M.B.A., and Anupam B. Jena, M.D., Ph.D.)
Online Open Access
Healthcare and Workplace Environment
Agrawal, P., et al., Gender Disparities in Academic Emergency Medicine: Strategies for the Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion of Women. AEM Educ Train, 2020. 4(Suppl 1): p. S67-s74.
Online Open Access
PDF
Ahmadi, M., et al., Influences for Gender Disparity in Academic Neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2018. 39(1): p. 18-23.
Online Open Access
PDF
Burgess, S., et al., Gender equity within medical specialties of Australia and New Zealand: cardiology’s outlier status. Intern Med J, 2020. 50(4): p. 412-419.
Online Open Access
Deipolyi, A.R., et al., Gender Disparity in Industry Relationships With Academic Interventional Radiology Physicians. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2020. 215(2): p. 494-501.
Online Open Access
Wiler, J.L., et al., Continuation of Gender Disparities in Pay Among Academic Emergency Medicine Physicians. Acad Emerg Med, 2019. 26(3): p. 286-292.
PDF
Online Open Access
Leadership
Qamar, S.R., et al., Gender Disparity Among Leaders of Canadian Academic Radiology Departments. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2020. 214(1): p. 3-9.
Online Open Access
Selter, J.H., E.E. Spurlin, and P.C. Brady, Gender inequality in leadership and academic rank in academic reproductive endocrinology programs. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2020. 37(8): p. 1959-1962.
Online Open Access
Magliano, D.J., et al., Addressing Gender Equity in Senior Leadership Roles in Translational Science. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci, 2020. 3(4): p. 773-779.
Online Open Access
Abdellatif, W., et al., Leadership Gender Disparity Within Research-Intensive Medical Schools: A Transcontinental Thematic Analysis. J Contin Educ Health Prof, 2019. 39(4): p. 243-250.
Online Open Access
Butkus, R., et al., Achieving Gender Equity in Physician Compensation and Career Advancement: A Position Paper of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med, 2018. 168(10): p. 721-723.
Online Open Access
Acosta, D.A., et al., Achieving Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility: Leadership Matters. Acad Med, 2020. 95(10): p. 1468-1471.
Online Open Access
Agrawal, P., et al., Gender Disparities in Academic Emergency Medicine: Strategies for the Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion of Women. AEM Educ Train, 2020. 4(Suppl 1): p. S67-s74.
Online Open Access
Bernardi, K., et al., Perceptions on gender disparity in surgery and surgical leadership: A multicenter mixed methods study. Surgery, 2020. 167(4): p. 743-750.
Online Open Access
Carr, P.L., et al., Recruitment, Promotion, and Retention of Women in Academic Medicine: How Institutions Are Addressing Gender Disparities. Womens Health Issues, 2017. 27(3): p. 374-381.
Online Open Access
Gharzai, L.A. and R. Jagsi, Ongoing Gender Inequity in Leadership Positions of Academic Oncology Programs: The Broken Pipeline. JAMA Netw Open, 2020. 3(3): p. e200691.
Online Open Access
Chen, S.T., et al., Influences for Gender Disparity in Academic Family Medicine in North American Medical Schools. Cureus, 2020. 12(5): p. e8368.
PDF
Online Open Access
Silver, J.K., et al., Analysis of Gender Equity in Leadership of Physician-Focused Medical Specialty Societies, 2008-2017. JAMA Intern Med, 2019. 179(3): p. 433-435. This cross-sectional study examines gender equity in the presidential leadership of medical specialty societies over a 10-year period.
Online Open Access
Carnes, M., et al., The effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: a cluster randomized, controlled trial. Acad Med, 2015. 90(2): p. 221-30.
PDF
Online Open Access
Carr, P.L., et al., Recruitment, Promotion, and Retention of Women in Academic Medicine: How Institutions Are Addressing Gender Disparities. Womens Health Issues, 2017. 27(3): p. 374-381.
PDF
Online Open Access
Miscellaneous
Lawlor C, Kawai K, Tracy L, Sobin L, Kenna M. Women in Otolaryngology: Experiences of Being Female in the Specialty. Laryngoscope. 2021 Feb;131(2):E380-E387. doi: 10.1002/lary.28917. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PMID: 32702136.
Online Open Access
Tricco, A.C., et al., Strategies to Prevent or Reduce Gender Bias in Peer Review of Research Grants: A Rapid Scoping Review. PLoS One, 2017. 12(1): p. e0169718.
Online Open Access
Adami, G., et al., Gender disparity in authorship of guidelines and recommendations in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis, 2020. 79(8): p. 1122-1123.
***Topic: Lack of women first authors in medical research
Online Open Access
Bernardi, K., et al., Gender Disparity in Authorship of Peer-Reviewed Medical Publications. Am J Med Sci, 2020. 360(5): p. 511-516.
***Topic: gender disparity in peer-reviewed literature authorship
Online Open Access
Zhang, D., et al., Promoting Gender Equity in the #MeToo Era. J Hand Surg Am, 2020.
Online Open Access
All the below are regarding sexual assault:
Sexual Harassment in Medicine- #MeToo (Reshma Jagsi, M.D., D.Phil., 2018)
Online Open Access
Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Experiences of Academic Medical Faculty (Jagsi R, Griffith K, Jones R, Perumalswami C, Ubel P, Stewart A., 2016)
Online Open Access
Sexual Harassment in Medical Training (Miriam Komaromy, Andrew B. Bindman, Richard J. Haber, and Merle A. Sande, 1993)
Online Open Access
Association of Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault With Midlife Women’s Mental and Physical Health (Rebecca C. Thurston, PhD; Yuefang Chang, PhD; Karen A. Matthews, PhD; et al)
Online Open Access
Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: where are we at and why does it matter? (Lancet, medical journal)
Online Open Access
Identifying medicine’s gender equity gaps is just the start, (American Medical Association)
Online Open Access
#MeToo in Health Care: A Multidimensional Problem With Widespread Effects and Incomplete Answers (Mayo)
Online Open Access
Surgical Practice
Yue, T. and F. Khosa, Academic Gender Disparity in Orthopedic Surgery in Canadian Universities. Cureus, 2020. 12(3): p. e7205.
Online Open Access
Smith, B.T., et al., Change Is Happening: An Evaluation of Gender Disparities in Academic Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2019. 144(4): p. 1001-1009.
Online Open Access
Dossani, R.H., et al., Gender disparities in academic rank achievement in neurosurgery: a critical assessment. J Neurosurg, 2019: p. 1-6.
Online Open Access
Barnes, K.L., et al., Gender Bias Experiences of Female Surgical Trainees. J Surg Educ, 2019. 76(6): p. e1-e14.
Online Open Access
PDF
Bellini, M.I., et al., Changing the norm towards gender equity in surgery: the women in surgery working group of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland’s perspective. J R Soc Med, 2019. 112(8): p. 325-329.
Online Open Access
PDF
Bernardi, K., et al., Perceptions on gender disparity in surgery and surgical leadership: A multicenter mixed methods study. Surgery, 2020. 167(4): p. 743-750.
Online Open Access
PDF
Brown, M.A., et al., Despite Growing Number of Women Surgeons, Authorship Gender Disparity in Orthopaedic Literature Persists Over 30 Years. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2020. 478(7): p. 1542-1552.
Online Open Access
Chen, S., G.L. Beck Dallaghan, and A. Shaheen, Implicit Gender Bias in Third-Year Surgery Clerkship MSPE Narratives. J Surg Educ, 2020.
PDF
Online Open Access
Chen, K., et al., Is There Gender Inequality in Plastic Surgery? Evaluation of Society Leadership and Composition of Editorial Boards. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2020. 145(2): p. 433e-437e.
Online Open Access
Davids, J.S., et al., Female Representation and Implicit Gender Bias at the 2017 American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons’ Annual Scientific and Tripartite Meeting. Dis Colon Rectum, 2019. 62(3): p. 357-362.
PDF
Online Open Access
Lyons, N.B., et al., Gender Disparity in Surgery: An Evaluation of Surgical Societies. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2019. 20(5): p. 406-410.
Online Open Access
Marrone, A.F., et al., Does academic authorship reflect gender bias in pediatric surgery? An analysis of the Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 2007-2017. J Pediatr Surg, 2020. 55(10): p. 2071-2074.
PDF
Online Open Access
Moak, T.N., et al., The Leaky Pipeline of Women in Plastic Surgery: Embracing Diversity to Close the Gender Disparity Gap. Aesthet Surg J, 2020. 40(11): p. 1241-1248.
Online Open Access
Phillips, N.A., S.C. Tannan, and L.K. Kalliainen, Understanding and Overcoming Implicit Gender Bias in Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016. 138(5): p. 1111-1116.
Online Open Access
Ray, G.S., et al., Gender Disparities in Financial Relationships Between Industry and Orthopaedic Surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2020. 102(4): p. e12.
Online Open Access
Smith, B.T., et al., Change Is Happening: An Evaluation of Gender Disparities in Academic Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2019. 144(4): p. 1001-1009.
Online Open Access
Work Life Integration
Tomer, G., et al., Perceptions of gender equality in work-life balance, salary, promotion, and harassment: results of the NASPGHAN task force survey. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2015. 60(4): p. 481-5.
Online Open Access
Eyigör, H., et al., Women in otolaryngology in Turkey: Insight of gender equality, career development and work-life balance. Am J Otolaryngol, 2020. 41(1): p. 102305.
Online Open Access
Addtional Resources
Reports
Sexual Harassment of Physicians: Report 2018
Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine(2018)
Videos/Podcasts
Doc-to-Doc: #MeToo in Medicine (video)
Me Too is a Movement, Not a Moment-Tarana Burke
Moving Medicine By American Medical Association (Podcast)
- Episode 10: #MeToo in the medical field, part 1: Dr. Reshma Jagsi on harassment
- Episode 11: #MeToo in the medical field, part 2: Dr. Tiffani Bell & David Gabor on consequences
If you are experiencing sexual harassment in the workplace, you are not alone. RAINN is the largest anti-sexual violence organization in the nation and can link you with the help that you need.
